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Battle of Antón Lizardo
The Battle of Anton Lizardo was a naval engagement of the Reform War which took place off Anton Lizardo, Mexico in 1860. A Mexican Navy officer named Rear Admiral Tomas M. Marin mutinied from the Mexican fleet and escaped to Havana, Cuba. There he formed a squadron of armed vessels to attack merchant ships and blockade Veracruz. The Mexican Government declared Marin a pirate and permitted foreign navies to attack his ships so the United States accepted the challenge, as they had several vessels patrolling in the Gulf of Mexico.
==Background==
After the mutiny and passage to Havana, where Cuban military forces there granted him safety, Marin began purchasing small steamships to convert for war. Marin's sympathies were in line with the conservative rebels under President General Miguel Miramón who at that time were fighting the liberal government forces of Veracruz, Veracruz. Tomas Marin hoped to acquire ships, recruit sailors and then sail them back to Veracruz to begin operating in the region. He was also to transport 4,000 muskets and artillery shells to resupply the conservative army. Many of the men under Marin were sailors he had mutinied with, others were recruited Cubans. In mid February, by the time the mutineers and Cubans left for the Mexican coast, four steamers were acquired and armed. Rear Admiral Marin's expedition included his flagship renamed ''General Miramon'', the screw sloop ''Marquis of Havana'' or ''Marquis de la Havana'', the ''Democracy'', the ''Union'' and the ''Messic''. ''General Miramon'' and ''Marquis of Havana'' were armed with one howitzer each. They did not all leave Cuba at the same time, so they were directed by Rear Admiral Marin to rendezvous with him off Anton Lizardo, where they would then sail to Sacrificios.
''General Miramon'' and ''Marquis of Havana'' arrived off Anton Lizardo north of the San Juan de Ulúa fortress on March 6, 1860 where a United States Navy frigate was operating. The Mexican garrison of the fortress signaled Marin's ships to identify themselves, but the two steamers did nothing. It was then realized that the vessels were from the expedition so immediately the soldiers began strengthening their position. They also warned the nearby American ship. USS ''Savannah'' signaled the rebel ships but once again no response was made. Her commander then sent for and issued orders to USS ''Saratoga'' to arrest Rear Admiral Marin, with the help of two chartered steamers. Only ''Saratoga'' was armed, the chartered steamers ''Wave'' and ''Indianola'' did not have guns but carried United States Navy sailors and United States Army troops. ''Indianola'' had a complement of eighty officers, crew members and soldiers. USS ''Saratoga'' was commanded by Commodore Thomas Turner of the Home Squadron and was manned on average by 200 officers and men. She was armed with four 8-inch (200mm) guns and eighteen 32-pounders. USS ''Savannah'' did not engage and never left anchorage, as she was apparently too slow to chase the rebel steamers. Mexican troops in the fortress were too far out of range and did not participate either.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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